Repairing the Whirlpool and KitchenAid Ice Machines Repairing the Whirlpool and KitchenAid Ice Machines Inevitable Problems and How To Fix Them Do It Yourself OR Know What Your Service Technician Should Be Doing Where to Find Parts and How Much They Should Cost Detailed Instructions Below on Troubleshooting, Diagnosis, and Repair Written by a fan and aficionado of these machines. I last updated this page: July, 2017. My first edition was: April, 2004. The under-counter Whirlpool ice machine is a stand-alone $1700 appliance which makes gourmet clear ice such as for a wet bar. (Yes, that is what it originally cost in today's dollars before the current era of cheaper imported appliances.) It has occasionally been labeled and sold as Sub Zero, Scotsman, GM/Frigidaire, KitchenAid, Estate, Roper, Inglis, Ross Temp, Marvel, and Sears Kenmore brands, and is similar in quality and specifications to the under-counter Jenn-Air 50 lb/day ice machines currently sold. This luxury ice machine should not be confused with the ordinary ice maker that is part of a refrigerator-freezer; the former magnificent engine makes crystal-clear, flavor-free, ice cubes.

A refrigerator-freezer ice maker produces cloudy ice in a stale-garlic flavor, typically in odd crescent shapes, and stuck together. The ice machine's product is clear, pure, flavorless ice cubes which are luxuriously wet and loose, like a handful of flawless diamonds scooped from a mountain spring. Owning this machine once in your life will spoil you, like many of my correspondents who say they will never again return to refrigerator ice. Besides this delicious indulgence, the ice machine also makes an excellent source for controlled cold-plate chilling necessary to the operation of an even greater luxury, the home soda fountain (see my page on ).

On this page, however, we are only concerned with the ice and how to keep it coming. This residential ice machine creates 8 x 7 x 1/2 inch slabs of ice by recirculating water over a metal evaporator plate chilled by an R-134a chiller (or R-12 before the early 1990s; this basic machine design goes back to the 1950s).

When a slab of ice reaches the finished thickness, a thermostat triggers the harvest cycle, which reverses the chiller to warm the evaporator plate, until the ice slab slides onto a cutter grid. The cutter grid consists of nickel-chromium ('Nichrome' is one brand) resistance wire which is warmed by a low-voltage electric current. The ice slab rests on the heated wires, and the wires slice through the slab, first in one direction on the top layer of wires, then the perpendicular direction on the lower layer, yielding cubes of ice which drop into an insulated ice supply bin.

The original machines were produced in an 18-inch width for a standard 34.5-inch under-counter height. Since 1999 a 15-inch version is also available. The only part of this machine which chills is the evaporator plate at the top of the machine where the ice forms. Unlike a conventional refrigerator-freezer, the ice storage bin is only insulated. The air inside is not refrigerated, and the temperature never drops below freezing. This bin is more or less like a portable ice chest but built into the cabinet. This is an essential principle of a wet ice machine.

The cubes stay loose and are always slowly melting, so the machine runs to make new ice to keep the bin filled and to make up the ice you withdraw for use. I got to know these machines quite well over the last 14 years. In 1995 I moved into a home equipped with one, and learned about this unusual appliance by doing my own repairs.

It eventually became an essential part of my home carbonation and soda fountain efforts (see link above). Then in 2002, I wound up owning a truckload of them, after I went to the bankruptcy auction of the infamous Enron accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, where I had expected to buy various assets for my computer business. Their corporate skyscraper suites were furnished with a large quantity of these machines, recently purchased. While I wanted to buy one to have as a spare, the auctioneer abruptly insisted on selling all of them as one lot.

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Of course, nobody else at a business-equipment auction wanted such a haul, but I saw an opportunity, knew what I was dealing with, and took them all for 5 cents on the dollar. I made a terrific profit reselling them one-at-a-time on eBay (sorry, they're all gone now), but in the process I had to become expert at diagnosing and repairing them, using my engineering background. This experience also allowed me conclude what were the more common problems and led me to create this Web page.

Having maintained this Web page for some years, I have corresponded with hundreds of other ice machine owners, and performed (or at least consulted on) most all of the repair problems presented by these machines. Below you will find the accumulated wisdom for diagnosis and repair procedures, obtaining original parts, improvising ersatz parts, and dealing with service technicians. The photos here show my personal unit made in 1997, model EC5100XFB0. The essentially identical machine has been sold for years and years under a variety of brands, model numbers, and styles of decor. Other than a change away from R-12 refrigerant to R-134a about 1992, and a change from electromechanical controls to computerized electronics about 2002, the principles, components, and physical arrangement have been the same for many decades. An excellent source of information, including parts diagrams, parts catalog, and pricing is available at and at, even if they're not the best place to buy parts.

You can enter your specific model number there and compare the parts involved in your repair to those specified for mine. You can also, which is sufficient for five repairs, for $80. Newer-type grid connector kit: At left is the connector used on the newer type grids. These connectors rarely fail, but when they do they are almost impossible to find. The nylon shell at left is used on the grid itself, and on the right is the shell used on the machine chassis. The grid uses the plug shell with the receptacle pins, and the chassis uses the receptacle shell with the plug pins.

One of the crimp pins for each shell are also shown. I stock these items as a complete replacement kit consisting of one of each shell and two of each crimp pin. With this kit you can replace the grid connector, the mating connector on the machine, or both.. Older-type grid connector: You can also use this newer-type connector kit to replace both sides of the older black-rubber 2-prong grid connector, since the older connector is no longer available.

This connector is what we use to refurbish older grids with a failed old connector. Detailed how-to: See my replacement for the ice machine grid connectors. My cutter grid has two levels, one that cuts 'north-south' and a second that cuts 'east-west'; each of these is about 8 feet of wire creating a 10 ohm resistance. These two are wired in parallel to create about a 5 ohm resistance. You can check the resistance with an accurate volt-ohmmeter, and measure the wire diameter with a micrometer or calipers, to make sure you have a similar design. Email from readers of this page confirms that this grid design and wire type is the same across all makes and models. There are two possibilities for the spacing of the grid wires, which correspond to 'cubelet' (3/4 inch square cubes) versus 'cube' (1-1/4 inch square cubes) size ice, although I've never, ever seen anything but the 3/4 inch version.

On some models, the low-voltage transformer that powers the cutter grid also powers a bin light. On recent designs, the transformer also supplies the low-voltage power to the electronic control board. Grid variations: There are three grid designs I know about: • Stainless frame with a four black plastic insulator strips, one across each of four sides. See to identify. Black electrical plug with two brass prongs. This is the most common grid type on the electromechanical machines, and easiest to repair.

It also replaces the spring-clip type grid (difficult to repair) described next. Uses four black plastic insulator strips, one on each side.

Shown in the 4th. Whirlpool part numbers 326566, 2174861 or WH2174861, 2174752, 563887.

• Stainless frame with U-shaped spring clips and small black plastic insulators on the end of each stretch of looped-end wire. Black electrical plug with two brass prongs (same as previous type).

See to identify if you have this. This type of grid is less common and difficult to repair.

Uses numerous black plastic insulator pieces, one on each end of each wire segment, instead of insulator strips. This grid can be replaced by the newer type. Whirlpool part numbers 758470 (3/4 inch square cubelets, the most common size) and 758469 (larger 'standard' cubes, rarely used). • Stainless frame with a clear plastic insulator strip on each of two sides, white nylon electrical connector (see above) with two tinned receptacles (used in newer Whirlpool, KitchenAid, SubZero, GE Monogram, and other models, easy to repair) (, ).

Sold as various part numbers including: Whirlpool 1173209, 2185614, 2217280, 2313601, 2313637, AP3859445, PS988982, and W10218012; GE Monogram WR29X10016 and WR29X10073. Despite the difference in design, these all use the same type and length of wire, and they all cut an 8 by 8 inch slab of ice.

Removing the old, broken wire: To restring the wire, begin by removing the cutter grid assembly from the ice machine by removing the two thumbscrews that hold the grid inside the bin, and disconnecting the two-prong low-voltage power connector. You can test the machine by keeping it running with the grid removed. Without the grid the machine should make ice in slabs that drop into the bin and break.

You can let the gridless machine run while you complete the grid repair. Remove the plastic bezel from the grid by sliding it off while prying the notches up that hold it in place. The resistance wire is strung in two directions, each a separate electrical circuit; these two are wired in parallel by ordinary insulated tinned-copper wires to the 2-prong connector. Likely only the upper level of the grid wire is broken, and you can restrict your repair to that one circuit, since the upper wire breaks from the repeated impact of the ice slab coming off the evaporator; the lower level very rarely breaks since it does not receive any such impacts. The ends of the wire are clamped in place on top of eyelet connectors by stainless screws.

These screws have a Torx T-20 head, so you'll need a Torx driver to loosen and tighten them, (although if desperate you could grasp the screw heads with pliers). Loosening these screws just a bit frees the wire ends. Unthread the old, broken wire from the back-and-forth pattern through the plastic insulators at the edges. The insulators are captured on the metal frame only by the wire tension, so the insulators will come loose from the metal frame when the wire is loose; remember the orientation of the insulators for reassembly. This is a good time to clean the grid with acid cleaner if it has lime encrustation or other debris. Installing the new wire: Putting the new wire in is a bit of a manipulation, but not too difficult with proper technique. You must first mount the grid frame in a secure work holder, such as a bench vise, so you have your hands free.

A serpentine wire threads through black plastic endpieces (I've heard sometimes this plastic is white, and on the later models it is clear). Measure the length (before it was broken) of the removed wire; mine was 8 feet 3 inches. Unspool a slightly longer piece of new wire (I use 9 feet). If you bought your new wire from me, then you should have 20 feet which you can cut in half. Fold this 9 or 10 feet of wire in half to find the approximate center (but don't actually sharply bend the center). Thread the ends through the middle hump of the insulator which is opposite the insulator that holds the connector screws. Thread these two loose ends respectively through the rest of the serpentine pattern, until you reach the end by the connector screws (not unlike lacing a shoe in an uncrossed pattern).

You should have at least several inches of extra wire past the connecting screws; if not, shift the wire to even the ends. Pull one loose end of the wire as taut as you conveniently can, wrap it clockwise around the connector screw with the eyelet connector above it, and tighten down the screw. Using your fingers, starting at the same screwed-down end, stretch the wire taut across the grid opening in one direction, and again reversing to the next direction, hand-over-hand, until you reach the other end, and have taken up all the slack you can. It is not necessary at this stage to have the wire very tight; just enough to keep the wire from sagging and to straighten any kinks is enough. Use your fingers for this; do not use pliers or other tools which might nick or otherwise damage the wire as you manipulate. Now here is the secret technique to getting a tight wire all across the grid: wrap the loose end around its still-loose connection screw one-quarter turn, and maintain constant tension on the loose end while you repeatedly 'pluck' the spans of wire from the far end back to the loose (tensioned) end. By 'plucking' I mean that you pull on the second span from the fastened end to tighten the first span, then take up the slack of the second span by pulling on the third, then the third from the fourth, and so on, until the slack is pulled out of the grid on the the loose end by the constant tension.

This constant tension could also be provided by another person helping you with a pair of Vise-grip pliers on the end of the wire, or a weight of a few pounds likewise attached, but you must have both your hands free to 'pluck'. Repeat the 'plucking' a few times until the strings are 'moderately' tight, 'moderate' as in playing a low note when you pluck them like a guitar string, not so tight as to bend the grid frame. After this step you can 'strum' the from the fastened end to the loose end to tighten the segments further. Again, the goal is only to have the wire tight enough to not sag. Once you have pulled all the slack out and strummed the wire segments all tight, fasten the loose end by tightening the second connector screw like the first, all the while maintaining the tension until the screw is set. Testing and reinstalling the rewired grid: Reassemble the plastic bezel to the unit, and test the grid by connecting it to the ice machine before you install it in place. To test, place the palm of your dry hand against the grid wires when the ice machine is running and the grid is connected; the wires should feel slightly but distinctly warm when no ice slab is on the grid.

Once tested, you can reinstall the grid into the machine. At the next harvest, observe that the grid takes about 10 minutes to cut a slab of ice into cubes. Send your grid in for repair: If you want me to restring your cutter grid for you, you can ship me your broken unit and include a check for $105, or order online.

See the packing instructions, shipping address, and online ordering, or use the buttons at the right. Return shipping is included; USA addresses only. Turnaround on this repair is 1 week after we receive your broken unit. Remember that you can still make uncut ice slabs while you're awaiting the repair; see ' cutter grid is actually optional'.. Complete grid assembly: If you want to buy a complete cutter grid assembly, check my for availability and price of units I have refurbished. You can also at additional cost (normally you'll just switch the old panel onto the new grid, but sometimes the grid and panel have gone missing).

Wire kit for old spring-clip type cutter grid variation: An older design for the cutter grid differs from the more recent design described above. The older style uses short segments of resistance wire held in place (and electrically connected) by individual stainless spring clips and posts. Each segment consists of a short length of wire terminating in eyelet loops of about 3/32 inch diameter, the length being 9 inches from eyelet center to center. The wire is a bit thinner, about 23.5 gage (0.022') and 1.5 ohms/foot, although you can get by with my standard 22 gage wire for repairing just one or two segments.

This is a more difficult item to repair when a wire breaks, because the spring clips make assembly a four-handed job requiring special tools. The wire segments require a custom winding jig to make them from stock resistance wire. I offer a kit of 3 of these segments for $26 if you want to attempt the reassembly yourself (formerly known as Whirlpool part number 588109). You can also use the button in the previous paragraph to ship me your broken spring-clip cutter grid for repair.

Upgrading an old spring-clip type grid to a newer plastic-spacer type grid: Another possibility for the spring-clip grid repair is to upgrade it to the plastic spacers and use the easier-to-install 20-foot wire kit above. The stainless steel frame on the grid is the same for both types, so you simply remove all the spring-clip parts and rewire with the plastic spacers. These plastic spacers are Whirpool part numbers 2174724 (front), 2174725 (rear), 2174726 (right side, as you face the unit), and 2174727 (left side).

You'll need all four of these spacers (I regret I do not sell these parts) plus the wire to perform the upgrade. Regretably, as of 2012, these spacers for the older grids were nowhere available as new spare parts any more. Transformer for Cutter Grid: The original transformer part for the older electromechanical machines is no longer made and doesn't seem to be available from Whirlpool. A $20 stock unit made by Hammond, their part number 166L8 (8.5 VAC center tapped, 2 amps), which is sold by digikey.com as part number HM510-ND, is a suitable substitution. You can order the for about $20 plus $10 shipping.

You'll also need two each of 3/16-inch and 1/4-inch male disconnects (digikey.com and respectively) to fit the original connectors on the machine, or you can just splice in directly. The 1/4-inch size disconnect is a widely used standard, but the 3/16-inch size disconnect is hard to find in hardware stores. Grid lifetime: How long should a grid last? Not as long as you might think. These things break because a heavy slab of ice drops on to the top grid layer every time the unit goes through a harvest cycle. Over the years, my grid seems to have lasted a typical 50,000 cycles before it breaks.

Considering that a unit could run 50 cycles per day, that could be less than 3 years. (But that's also 25 tons of ice, roughly a semi truckload.) Your grid will of course last longer if your machine runs only intermittently, but while the machine itself may last for decades, the grid won't without an occasional minor restringing repair.

Repairing the Harvest Thermostat Solder Attachment The older design of this machine used electromechanical controls, including a harvest thermostat on the evaporator plate that clicks on and off with the ice slab temperature. If your machine uses the newer electronic controls, you will have an electronic thermistor on the evaporator instead of electromechanical thermostat, and this section does not apply. The evaporator plate in the top area of the ice machine circulates the hermetically sealed refrigerant (R-134a lately, or R-12 in very old machines), which boils off to carry away heat from the waterfall passing over the plate, resulting in a layer of ice being progressively built up. The top of the evaporator plate, where the ice forms, is smooth. The bottom is a complex affair containing the refrigerant line connections, and a bracket and clamp holding a capillary tube from the harvest thermostat.

A complete assembly (327505 evaporator $266.02) is the only replacement part available from Whirlpool, but the old part can likely be repaired. To diagnose the problem, it helps to understand the principles on which the machine makes ice. The running machine is always in one of two modes, either ice-making (chilling the plate) or harvesting (warming the plate). The capillary tube senses the temperature of the evaporator plate, which triggers two control events in the machine, depending on what the state of the machine is, and on the temperature reaching a level well-below or well-above freezing: • In the ice-making state, when the evaporator plate temperature drops below a sub-freezing setpoint (set by the front-panel ice-thickness control), the unit switches to the harvesting state, reversing the refrigeration and thus heating the plate so that the ice slab thaws slightly and slides off onto the cutter.

During harvesting, the water valve opens to refill the recirculating reservoir and flush the 'used' water out via an overflow drain, while the recirculation pump stops. (The freezing process removes minerals from the water in the deposited ice, and concentrates them in the 'used' reservoir water, necessitating a flush lest the minerals concentrate in the reservoir.) • In the harvesting state, when the evaporator plate temperature rises above an above-freezing setpoint (the ice slab has slid off the plate, and the reversed refrigeration continues to heat the plate), the harvest state is ended and the unit switches to ice-making again.

The water fill valve closes, the recirculation pump starts, and the refrigeration unit switches back to chilling the plate. The bracket and clamp holding the capillary tube are about 1' wide by 4' long. The bracket itself is soldered to the bottom front of the evaporator plate, and a smaller clamping plate is held by a screw post and nut to the bracket.

This creates a solid thermal connection between the capillary tube and the bottom of the evaporator plate; inside the tube, a liquid expands and contracts with the sensed temperature. The tube transmits this expansion/contraction pressure to the thickness control thermostat at the front panel, where the pressure triggers the switch that controls the cut-out and cut-in of chilling versus harvesting. A few inches of the capillary tube should also be soldered to the bottom front lip of the evaporator plate. This helps it to quickly sense the rising temperature during the harvest cycle, which should end as soon as the ice slides off. The failure of the bracket solder joint occurs because of the repeated cycling of sub-freezing chilling to make ice versus above-freezing thawing to harvest the ice. The area is always wet, and the solder joint will typically have small pockets or bubbles, which when wet will freeze and become slightly larger due to the expansion of the ice.

Each freeze-thaw cycle enlarges the flaw slightly, and eventually this grows into a large fracture, just like fracturing of mountain stone from years of winter/summer cycles. If you suspect you have the problem of the fractured solder joint, you can inspect the joint by removing the cutter grid and reservoir bucket. You can recognize the bracket, since it is the only item in the vicinity having a screw post and nut. If the solder joint does not appear intact along the entire length, but appears cracked or slightly separated, then you have this problem, but perhaps not very badly (yet). If the joint is mostly cracked, such that you can wiggle the bracket; or if the bracket is completely loose from the plate and is being held only by the capillary tube, then you have a definite problem needing repair.

The bracket is hard to view directly without pulling out the evaporator plate, which is a big job. You should be able to blindly feel around to the front or back of the bracket, nudge it with your fingers, and find it moving relative to the evaporator plate. Indeed, if the solder joints have almost completely failed, the bracket can fall right off with this manipulation. While I used to recommend a difficult repair of resoldering the bracket, you may want to consider the kit that Whirlpool introduced in 2006 to deal with this problem. The repair to resolder this bracket is a bit challenging. You must first remove the cutter grid (remove two thumbscrews), reservoir bucket (remove two thumbscrews), and recirculation pump (remove three acorn nuts at rear wall, disconnect recirculation tube from top of evaporator plate). Your design may vary slightly, but so far these steps should not be too difficult.

The first difficult step is next, to get the evaporator plate out of the interior of the bin while it is still connected to the refrigeration system. Remove the two thumbscrews that hold the plate in place.

Observe that the plate is free of fasteners but held in place by 1/4' refrigerant tubes and 1/16' capillary tubes, made of copper, perhaps tinned, somewhat flexible. You must now manipulate the plate out of the bin, bending the refrigerant tubes to allow the plate to swing out through the door, such that it presents the bottom of the plate in the upwards direction. While the copper tubes cannot take a lot of this kind of bending, and you should be careful not to kink them, they can take a few rounds of this type of manipulation before they work-harden enough to crack. If you should crack the refrigerant line tubing, you will hear a hissing sound from the pressurized refrigerant gas escaping, possibly with some entrained oil.

If the refrigerant escapes as a cold liquid spray, stay clear of it (evaporating R-134a can cause frostbite in contact with skin). If the leak is not too close to the plastic bin, it might be possible to repair it with a soldered patch or repair fitting, but that will require an evacuation and recharge of the refrigeration system which is beyond the scope of this document. Otherwise you will need a replacement for the evaporator plate unit which may cost more than the value of the repaired system. Assuming you have the bottom of the plate facing up, and clear of the bin, and haven't cracked a tube, you can better inspect the condition of the thermostat capillary tube bracket and the solder joint. If it indeed shows fatigue or failure, you should repair the joint. Good soldering practice is essential here.

Clean the area as best you can first with a wire brush, and apply a generous amount of non-acid flux. Heat it up quickly (a pencil torch is marginally effective; I use a Turbo-Torch to get a lot of heat), and feed and wipe with lead-free solder. Apply and withdraw the flame in cycles to keep the area just above the solder free-flow temperature, and keep the overall time to the minimum needed to get a good joint.

Don't worry about solder splashes or blobs falling across the plate; they'll clean up eventually even if they wind up in the reservoir later. Soldering or brazing on a charged refrigerant system is normally not feasible. The liquid refrigerant and oil should have collected in the bottom of the unit and not up in the evaporator plate, so that the soldering of the adjacent surface to the refrigerant circuit does not require evacuation of the unit. You are not loosening a soldered joint or fitting under pressure, just the mechanical attachment of a bracket.

If you can get it done quickly and at a low temperature, you can expect that the heat damage to the residual oil or refrigerant in the area will not be enough to impair the function of the refrigeration unit. The ideal technique would be to add a repair fitting to the process tube on the compressor, evacuate the refrigerant, flush the oil, charge with inert gas, solder, evacuate, and recharge the refrigerant system, but this may not be practical. Once you have a good solder repair, and the part has cooled, you can reverse the disassembly, starting with manipulating the evaporator plate back in to position at the top rear of the bin. Replace the circulation pump and hose, the reservoir bucket, and the cutter grid. Before replacing the bucket and grid, you may want to start the unit and feel the evaporator plate with your hand to see if you still have refrigeration operational. A new solder joint should last some years at least. Recurrence of this problem does seem inevitable, because of the nature of the freeze-thaw cycling and how it repeatedly applies destructive force at any wet gap or void in the joint.

You will find stray bits of solder and related debris in the reservoir or ice bin after performing this repair and running the unit. Of course you will have used lead-free solder, so this is not a concern.

You may be told by a repair service that this is a brazed joint that is impossible to repair. Refrigeration technicians like to braze joints because this is much stronger than soldering, and part of their technical training and equippage. After inspecting 8 of these units, and repairing one, it is clear that this joint is made at the factory with ordinary low-temperature soft solder that is quite feasible to fully repair. The hard part is getting the assembly out of the ice bin without cracking the connected tubing. Someone emailed me to report that he had repaired the bracket attachment with epoxy cement instead of soldering, which can be done inside the bin without the difficulty of extracting the evaporator assembly.

While the thermal junction cannot be quite as good through epoxy versus solder, it apparently is enough to work, perhaps with a bit of temperature offset to the thickness control. Stainless steel bonds well with epoxy, but make sure the metal is cleaned, warm and dry before trying this. Adjusting the Harvest Thermostat If your ice thickness control doesn't respond properly, but your sensing bracket seems to be properly in place, it is possible the thickness control thermostat itself has simply drifted out of calibration and just needs an adjustment. This is an easy repair, assuming you ruled out the loose bracket first.

Remove the escutcheon plate from the front, exposing some tiny adjustment screws on the thickness control for the cut-in and cut-out temperature setpoints. You can twiddle those adjustments. The cut-out screw sets the colder temp for the harvest trigger, the cut-in screw sets the warmer temp to end the harvest. Set the control (knob) to the middle of the thickness range, and wait for the ice to build to a medium thickness, and then adjust the cut-out screw until it triggers the harvest. These screws have a range of several turns of adjustment, so you may have to turn them 1/2 or a full turn before you see any difference in performance. When making these adjustments, count the turns you apply to either screw, making notes of that, so you can return the control to its prior settings if you get lost.

Even if the bigger problem is the loose evaporator bracket, you can compensate to an extent by adjusting to cut-out setpoint on the thickness control to a warmer temperature. But you won't have fixed the problem in the long run, and the thickness control will be poorly responsive since the thermostat doesn't have a solid thermal contact with the evaporator plate. Poor response can result in harvest intervals that start too soon, too early, or inconsistently; and also in harvest times that are too short or too long. If you want to adjust the harvest thermostat to shorten the harvest time, remember that the harvest time is deliberately longer than the time needed to just refill the reservoir. The reservoir is flushed with an excess of refill water, which then overflows into the drain tube, so that the high mineral content of the old water is replaced with new water. Becker Radio Code Serial Number. Repairing the Solenoid Valve As described above, the solenoid valve that controls incoming water flow can fail in an open or closed manner.

This is Whirlpool part number 386433 on my unit. This valve is located at the bottom right front of the unit, just inside the kick panel, where the water connection is made. These valves are a common replacement item, and in fact easy to remove and replace if you just want to pony up for a new one.

This same valve is apparently used on a lot of appliances, as I have seen it on washing machines and dishwashers, so if you don't want to fuss with the rebuild, you can take it to an appliance parts counter and expect to find it for, oh, $40.00, which is most likely about $39.99 more than it will cost to fix it yourself. (I'll admit than now when I see someone discarding a dishwasher or refrigerator on the curb on trash night, I'm tempted to stop and look for a solenoid valve to scrounge!) The 1-cent failure is nothing more than the inevitable deterioration of a tiny rubber gasket which is trivial to repair.

You might fix this faster than you could even find a replacement. To remove and repair the valve, first remove power (120 VAC power runs this solenoid). Shut off the water supply, and disconnect the water inlet and outlet connections to the solenoid valve. Remove the electrical connector. Remove the mounting bracket screw(s), freeing the valve.

Remove the screws to disassemble the valve unit, observing the solenoid plunger with a recess tip containing a tiny rubber gasket plug (or remnants thereof). This rubber item is originally a disc about 1/8' diameter and 1/16' thick, stuffed into a recess of the same size on the tip of the plunger cylinder. The rubber may be partly disintegrated or missing altogether.

You can cut your own replacement rubber piece quite easily. I made mine using a leather punch on a 1/16' thick sheet of rubber gasket material. The usual Buna-N (nitrile rubber) material is fine, such as is available from plumbing suppliers, auto parts stores, or online at (such as p/n 240-2326). You could also take a common faucet washer, and carve it with a razor-sharp hobby knife to proper thickness and diameter. The exact disk shape is not critical; what is critical is that the outside face is flat and smooth, which you can ensure by just using an original flat surface of the faucet washer on that side. Reassemble, reinstall, enjoy the satisfaction of a cleverly improvised, do-it-yourself success.

Some of the service manuals refer to 0.31 gallons per minute flow from the solenoid valve. This would be a good target flow to measure when testing the function of the valve with the plumbing disassembled and the water running into a bucket. Run the valve open for a timed minute while catching the water in a bucket, and measure the water volume caught. It should be 0.31 gallons (40 ounces) or more. Testing for a stuck-closed solenoid valve: Testing the solenoid valve for being stuck-closed is not difficult.

Understand first that this valve only opens during the harvest portion of the cycle, when the fan has stopped and the refrigeration unit is reversed and hissing slightly. If the machine has been turned off and sitting idle for a while, turning it on should not activate the water valve solenoid, it should simply start chilling, and if there is water in the reservoir, it will proceed to make a slab of ice; if the reservoir is empty, the evaporator plate will chill down rapidly, and in a few minutes the harvest cycle will trigger, only then should the water solenoid valve open.

If you've removed the reservoir bucket, then you should be able to see the stream of water entering the unit, and even catch it in a bowl to measure the volume. The hot gas solenoid and water valve solenoid are in parallel, so if the unit reverses during the harvest and rapidly warms the evaporator plate, then the controls are OK.

The switching of the solenoid valves is performed by the thickness control thermostat behind the escutcheon plate. Testing for a stuck-open solenoid valve: To test if the solenoid valve is stuck open, even just a trickle, you can remove the reservoir bucket and see if water runs from the supply tube during the chilling part of the cycle.

If you suspect a trickling valve is spoiling performance, you can shut off or disconnect your water supply completely (make sure you have a solid shutoff valve, not even allowing a trickle) at the end of the harvest, and see if the performance problem goes away for the rest of that cycle. Testing for restricted water flow: To measure how much make-up water your machine is admitting each cycle, remove the reservoir bin and catch the water flowing in during the harvest. This volume should be at least several changes of the reservoir volume of about 1/2 gallon (the slab itself will have consumed about 18 ounces of water), so you should catch about a gallon or more during a 1- or 2-minute harvest. If the supply pressure is OK, but the machine admits less water, then you must have some kind of restriction or too-short harvest time. One can also benchtop-test the solenoid valve for stuck-open, stuck-closed, or restrictions, by removing it entirely and activating it manually. The water inlet connects to an ordinary garden hose.

For the electrical test, I assembled a 'cheater' AC plug and cord with 1-amp inline fuse and female spade lugs, and connected this to the solenoid's terminals to apply 120 VAC. Apply the inlet water pressure, and (keeping yourself dry) briefly insert the AC plug into an outlet.

Recharging the Refrigeration Unit This section is for technicians and advanced do-it-yourselfers who have the tools and knowledge to charge A/C and refrigeration systems. If you're not a do-it-yourselfer and wanting advice about hiring a technician offering an expensive repair, see my tips under diagnosing poor performance.

The performance specifications on the 'Service and Wiring Sheet' indicate that the machine should harvest a medium-thick (about 0.45') slab of ice every 18 to 22 minutes under favorable conditions (ambient temperature 70 deg F and incoming water temp 60 deg F). This production rate will slow to 30 to 38 minutes under unfavorable conditions (ambient temperature 100 deg F and incoming water temp 80 deg F).

If the production is slower, then the cause may be an undercharged refrigeration system. The refrigeration performance of the ice machine design is very sensitive to undercharging, because (1) the refrigerant charge is so small to start with, only a few ounces, hence a tiny leak can turn into a problem quickly, and (2) expansion is controlled by a capillary-tube (no feedback, 'open loop' control) instead of an expansion valve (closed-loop feedback control).

While this open-loop sensitivity is a disadvantage in that any leak will degrade performance, it also makes the diagnosis of a low-refrigerant condition easier because the degradation is easy to observe and detect. Another symptom of low charge is that the slabs of ice are distinctly thinner in the middle (not just wavy). The refrigerant circulates through the evaporator plate in a rectangular spiral from the outside edge to the center.

If the refrigerant is slightly low, it boils off and chills the edges well, but by the time it reaches around to the center, it is all evaporated, and there is no phase change remaining available in the refrigerant flow to chill the center area. See my tips under diagnosing poor performance. Recharging the system first requires that you add an access fitting, because the system as shipped from the factory is a sealed unit. A 1/4' OD copper process tube exits the front of the compressor, which at the factory was used to charge the system, pinched off, and brazed shut.

This is the suction side of the compressor. This process tube is intended to be fitted with an access fitting should recharging ever be needed. I used a 1/4' flare male Schrader valve fitting, which happens to fit my refrigeration gauges.

An automotive low-side fitting is more appropriate. While soldering or brazing a fitting on the process tube is the most reliable way to proceed, installing a clamp-on [grainger.com example] is feasible and much easier.

This has the advantage of requiring no soldering or brazing, instead using mechanically compressed elastomeric seals, but will eventually leak when the seals get old. This line-piercing valve will provide a 1/4' flare fitting, to which you can add an adapter for 1/4' flare to R-134a low-side quick-connect fitting. This adapter is available for a few dollars in the auto parts at Walmart (sold for retrofitting R-12 auto air conditioners). Then you can use normal R-134a recharging cans and gages from Walmart to add refrigerant, although you must take care not to overcharge since the system contains less than 1 lb of refrigerant total. To add this fitting, I followed these steps: • File a slight cut in the process tube, with a small triangular file or piece of hacksaw blade, to vent the existing refrigerant. A slight cut will allow the refrigerant to escape slowly as a gas, leaving the oil behind in the compressor.

A faster outflow would vent some oil out as a mist, entrained in liquid refrigerant. It is normal for a little oil to escape at first, which was already in the process tube stub. • Cut the tube off, inside of the crimp, using a tubing cutter to get a clean, square cut. • Clean the oxide off the outside of the cut tubing end and the mating surface of the access fitting to prepare them for for brazing or soldering.

Apply a small amount of soldering flux to these surfaces if that is your practice. Use a Q-tip and solvent to wipe the oil off the inside of the tube. The tube should be pointing in some generally upward direction so more oil won't run into it. • Remove the valve stem from the Schrader valve on the access fitting.

This protects the rubber components in the stem from the high temperatures of soldering. You also don't want to seal the system during the soldering process, as this will tend to build up pressure that will blow the fitting off the end of the tube before the solder freezes. • Braze or solder the access fitting onto the tube. I used soft 50/50 lead/tin solder, since the temperature is much lower than brazing and the action is quick, minimizing the oxidation of the inside of the tubing.

The lead is of no consequence in the refrigeration circuit, since it does not contact the potable water or ice. Brazing will yield a much stronger joint, at the risk of oxidizing the inside of the tubing and contaminating the system.

The solder joint has proven adequate on this small tubing and minimizes the contamination from heat oxidation. I use a propane/air TurboTorch and insulating pad to get the joint up to temperature and soldered very quickly, with a minimum of heat loss to the rest of the system. The TurboTorch runs off a disposable propane cylinder like an ordinary Bernzomatic pencil torch, but produces much more heat output that is effective on tasks like this. • Clean off any flux residue, and reinsert the valve stem after the soldered assembly cools. While the valve should seal completely, this is not necessary, if you apply an O-ring cap to cover the access port when you are not servicing the machine. • Check the solder joint and cap seal for leaks after you charge the machine, using a soap-bubble solution.

Another method simply has you solder or braze the fitting onto the end of the pinched tube, and then open up the pinch a bit with pliers, or drill a small hole. This is not as good a connection for running a vacuum, but it retains the existing charge, is easier, and is sufficient for metering and charging the system. After the access fitting is installed, you can attach refrigeration gauges, evacuate the system with a vacuum pump, and recharge the R-134a refrigerant by weight. The weight of charge required is specified on the serial number plate on the edge revealed by opening the ice bin door; my system specifies 6.75 oz. Weighing the charge in is required to get this amount correct within an ounce or two more and none less. Charging by observing performance is possible, but takes a long time, since you must start with a minimal charge and observe a number of harvest cycles while adding small amounts. Undercharging will result in the ice slabs being thin in the middle.

Overcharging will result in the suction tube frosting towards the end of the cycle, just before the harvest, where the tube exits the bin into the lower compartment (the excess cold liquid refrigerant does not vaporize in the evaporator, and trickles down into the tube). The timing of events in the cycle in minutes, beginning at the harvest trigger, is thus: PRODUCTION CYCLE OF THE ICE MACHINE Elapsed Time (mm:ss) (under typical conditions) Events 0:00 Start of harvest: Evaporator thermostat senses its below-freezing cut-out setpoint, and triggers the hot-gas recirculation solenoid to begin harvest. Hot-gas recirculation heats the evaporator, thawing the bottom of the ice slab that has up to now been solidly frozen. Water solenoid energizes, sending fresh, room-temperature tap water into reservoir, with excess overflowing into drain tube which directs the overflow down the drain without rinsing and melting the existing ice in the bin. Suction-side pressure quickly rises from terminal 1 to 6 psig, up to 60 to 100 psig, due to the reversal. 1:00 Mid-harvest: Continued thawing loosens ice slab from evaporator plate, and the slab slides off onto the cutter grid.

The slab makes a 'thunk' sound when it hits the grid assembly and comes to rest on the top grid wires. The evaporator no longer has ice on it, so its temperature now rises above freezing due to the hot gas flowing through it from the reversed refrigeration unit. 2:00 End of harvest, start of liquid water chilling: Evaporator thermostat senses its above-freezing cut-in setpoint, de-energizes hot-gas solenoid to restore chilling. Water in reservoir is above freezing (now a mix of previous chilled water and fresh room-temperature water, proportion depending on how long the harvest took), but begins to chill as it recirculates over the evaporator plate. Suction-side pressure quickly falls to 10 to 15 psig range, and continues to fall as water chills.

7:00 Start of ice formation: Water fully chilled to freezing point, and ice begins to form on edges of evaporator plate. Suction-side pressure in the refrigeration unit declines to 6 to 10 psig.

10:00 Ice builds in thickness: Evaporator plate now fully covered with a thin layer of ice. Bottom of evaporator plate is well below freezing, but not enough to trigger the harvest thermostat. Suction-side pressure at about 6 psig. 18:00 to 22:00 Triggering of harvest: Ice has formed a full-thickness slab on evaporator plate. Top of slab is covered with recirculating water and is at freezing temp. Bottom of slab and underside of evaporator (with capillary sensing tube to thermostat) are well below freezing. As the ice grows thicker, the heat transfer slows, and the evaporator temperature progessively falls, eventually triggering the thermostat setpoint, and the cycle repeats.

Suction-side pressure declines to minimum of 1 to 6 psig, depending on ambient conditions. Note: it's not unusual for thicker cubes or older machines to take about 30 minutes to cycle; but anything much longer than that is poor performance, indicating the need for repairs. For electromechanically controlled machines, the above timings are approximate, the actual harvest time depending on the return of the harvest thermostat to a warm temperature. On the more recent electronically controlled machines, the hot-gas harvest portion of the cycle lasts exactly two minutes during which the reversing valve is always energized, but the water valve is opened only for the first minute of the two minutes to rinse and refill the reservoir. Electronic machines, when first turned on, also run an initial three-stage flush for five minutes, consisting of two minutes of water intake with no circulation, one minute of circulation with no water intake, and two more minutes of water intake with no circulation.

Some of the very latest electronic machines have a water level sensor in the reservoir, and in this case the refill and flushing time may vary from exactly one minute, depending on the water used in freezing and the pressure-dependent flow of the incoming water. The water level sensor reduces the water consumption, at the cost of additional complexity and trouble potential. Should this sensor malfunction such that refill/flush is scarce, ice production will be degraded and/or the ice will become cloudy and soft.

Should this one sensor completely fail (stuck on or off), the machine may sense this condition and quit working altogether, and the 'buy an expensive service call now' light will turn on. Since a previously harvested slab is finished being cut into cubes some time before the next slab is harvested, it can take two full cycles, or about an hour, before the first cubes have dropped into the bin after an initial power-up. Be patient if the machine seems to be slowly producing after having been turned off and emptied of ice. A Few More Tips on This Machine • Recirculation pump problems: A common problem with the recirculation pump is for the bearings to stick from slight corrosion, keeping the pump motor from starting, when the unit has been sitting idle for a long time. The solution is simply (with the unit turned off!) to remove the reservoir bin, reach in through the bottom intake of the pump to feel the impeller that spins in the lower housing of the pump assembly, and give the impeller a little push with your finger to break the bearings loose.

You should then be able to feel the impeller turning freely. Since the replacement pump is absurdly overpriced, one would like the option to use something improvised and less expensive. A clever suggestion, which has turned out to be very effective, is to use an inexpensive submersible aquarium pump to replace a failed stock circulation pump. You plop the pump right into the bottom of the reservoir bin, and improvise some tubing to connect the evaporator waterfall hose to it. Aquarium shops typically sell a variety of plastic fittings to make such an adaptation.

You splice the power cord into the supply wires for the stock pump. (This works for machines which use 120 volts AC for the pump.

Some machines use 12 volts DC, in which case instead of an aquarium pump, you'll need to look for a suitable submersible 12 volt DC pond pump or submersible non-automatic boat bilge pump.) Helpful readers have reported success using the Harbor Freight (priced $13 in 2015). Obsolete items include the from Harbor Freight, with the flow adjustment set at about half, and model. Others have tried a very small 66 GPH pump ($8, may no longer be available) which comes with a 1/2' tubing adapter that fits the ice machine tubing directly without modification, but reports vary on whether the flow is adequate for efficient ice production. Another reader reported success using the $15 Petco aquarium pump.

He used two adapters from Home Depot (3/8'-fine-flare-to-1/2'-female-pipe, 1/2' male pipe to 5/8 ID hose barb, Watts parts A-179 and A-493) to connect the pump outlet to the waterfall tubing. Suction cups on the pump mount it onto the bottom of the reservoir.

Remove the old pump and bracket, and use the screws with caulk to seal up the unused holes in the reservoir. Grainger sells several one-size-fits-all ice machine pumps, their part numbers ($51) and ($70). While these look similar to the Whirlpool type, several people who have tried them wrote me to say these pumps are for the larger sized reservoirs of commercial machines, and won't fit into the smaller Whirlpool ice machine reservoir. See also this ice machine replacement circulation pump, which appears to be the original manufacturer of the Grainger item. If the circulation pump is noisy or seized, it is likely just worn or corroded bearings. The stainless motor bearings are an odd mix of metric-inch sizes but easily replaced if you can find them. The size is reputed to be 22mm OD, 1/4' ID, and 7mm thick, with two rubber seals, which is similar to a 627 metric bearing (easy to find), but with an unusual inch-size ID (hard to find).

One source is Peer 627-4-2RS (); another is. This part number indicates a standard 627 metric size bearing (22mm OD x 7mm ID x 7mm T) modified with a smaller 1/4 inch bore ('4') instead of 7mm, and two rubber shields ('2RS'). A clever machinist could make a 1/4' x 7mm bushing to fit the impeller shaft to the common 627 bearings. You can also perform a part number to locate ready suppliers. Another inexpensive option on the Whirlpool or KitchenAid models is to replace the recirculation pump motor, which is actually an inexpensive (about $20 in 2011) Broan AP3159953 motor. Search for this part now:.

This technique requires some simple disassembly, including removing the new motor's shaft and replacing it with the original shaft. If the old shaft is deteriorated and you must use the new shaft, use foil or other material to shim the new shaft up to fit the old impeller (the new shaft length is the same as the original). Replace the new motor in the original housing and bearing supports. The new motor may have different mounting studs, requiring that you drill new holes into the mounting plate. • If you want to maximize ice production, but don't need cubes, unplug and remove the cutter grid. The cutter grid uses heated wires to melt through the ice, resulting in a loss of some of the ice mass, and even when not cutting, the added heat will slightly increase the melting of the cubed ice in the bin. Without the grid in place, the finished ice slabs drop into the bin, where they will typically break into several jagged pieces.

You can slap them with the back of a spoon to easily crack them into convenient pieces. • Opening the bottom for better heat transfer: Removing the bottom front cover improves the efficiency and production rates substantially by improving the air flow through the condenser heat exchanger. This does make the unit run noisier, and exposes the lower component compartment. • Operating costs: Operating this machine can be expensive. It is fairly efficient at making ice, but ice is thermodynamically expensive to make. Moreover, the cutter grid melts away some of what is made, and the ice supply in the bin is constantly melting. The unit draws about 400 watts when running, so if it runs constantly, at typical power prices of $.10/kilowatt-hour, it costs about $1/day to run.

Even when no ice is drawn for use, the unit still needs to run about 1/2 the time to keep up with the melting. The unit is therefore a luxury for the typical household, since most of the $200 or so in annual energy costs are spent just holding a melting ice reserve. • Turn off your refrigerator-freezer icemaker: If you use this ice machine as your household ice source, then you will save a fair bit of duty cycle in your refrigerator-freezer by turning off its automatic icemaker.

A lot of the run time of a standard refrigerator is actually caused by the heat pumped out to freeze water in the icemaker. This happens even if you don't use the refrigerator ice; especially in a frost-free refrigerator-freezer, any ice is slowly lost to sublimation, which consumes energy, and then deposits as frost to be defrosted, which also consumes energy; the icemaker water makes an expensive trip through the system, only to be lost to the room air as water vapor (where you may have to pay again, to dehumidify it with your air conditioning!). So the ice machine energy costs are somewhat offset by the energy savings of not running your refrigerator so much, and likewise for the wear-and-tear on the refrigerator. Our refrigerator runs dramatically less with the icemaker off. • Throttling production: Most households don't use anything like the 50 lb/day of ice capacity of this machine.

You can cut sheets of styrene foam (from building supply or cheap ice chest) to line the inside of the ice bin and reduce the bin capacity. This will cut down on the power consumption (the bin will be slightly better insulated, and the bin volume will be smaller, so it fills up and idles sooner). Of course you will have less ice in reserve, so you wouldn't want to do this before a big party. • Noise: If you find the unit too noisy for your kitchen or wet bar, you can put it on a timer that runs it, say, at night when you are sleeping on the other side of the house, or when you are out of the house at work. Most households don't need the full capacity of the unit potentially running 24 hours/day and can get by with about 8 hours, using the reserve during the rest of the day. Use a timer rated for a 1/3 (or more) horsepower motor, such as the Intermatic HB31R timer (15 amp motor rating), since most timers are only rated for lamps.

• Cloudy ice: Cloudy ice in a newly installed machine is typically caused by too much mineral content (hardness) in the water supply. If you are getting cloudy cubes, you can test this problem by shutting off the water supply, emptying the reservoir, and filling it manually with bottled water for a cycle or two. If you've had a machine producing clear ice, but the ice turns cloudy, the trouble is likely not that the incoming water is too hard. Cloudy ice can be the bizarre result of a restriction in the incoming water flow, even though the water supply is itself OK. The failure process is this: during the refill cycle, the incoming water valve is supposed to open long enough to significantly overfill the reservoir, resulting in the excess overflowing into the drain tube and out of the machine. This flushes enough fresh water through the reservoir to dilute the minerals which concentrate in the unfrozen water during the freezing process. If the water supply is somehow restricted, it can refill the reservoir, but just enough to not overflow, and each cycle results in more and more mineral concentration being retained.

Eventually the concentration increases enough to cloud the ice. You don't even need bottled water to test this diagnosis; just try flushing the reservoir well with tap water, assuming your tap water isn't super-hard, and see if you don't get a significantly clearer slab for that cycle; if so, then you may have insufficient incoming water flow, and you should check the valve as described in detail above.

Another strange cause of cloudy ice is possible if you supply water to the ice machine from a water softener or water conditioner appliance that uses salt. Various problems, such as faulty regeneration cycling valves in a salt-charged water softener, can inject a dose of salt accidentally into your house water lines. A little salt in your water supply, perhaps not even enough to taste, will yield cloudy, soft ice. It is best to avoid this potential problem by plumbing an unsoftened water supply, if possible, to your machine.

• Acid cleaning solutions: The instructions on the bin door for cleaning the ice machine suggest using a citric acid or phosphoric acid solution (6 ounces dry powder in 1/2 gallon of water) to remove the brown, crusty mineral deposits ('lime') that tend to build up on the water-recirculating parts of the unit (reservoir bin, evaporator plate, and vicinity). Any moderately strong organic acid is suitable, including sufamic and glycolic acids, in a similar concentration. For example, you can use CLR brand acid cleaner by, which is widely available and relatively inexpensive; various MSDS references list sulfamic, glycolic (aka hydroxyacetic or hydroxyethanoic), and citric acids as its ingredients. Home Depot sells a ZEP store brand version by the gallon. Home Depot also has sold a phosphoric acid cleaner called 'Aqua Mix'. The cheapest and most convenient source of phosphoric acid is hidden in paint stores as a generic product for rust conversion, such as in gallon jugs with a little coloring added to make it look like a complex product instead of just diluted raw material.

These are all 'nickel safe' acids; that is, they won't corrode the nickel plating on the evaporator or the nickel-chromium grid wire. Full-strength household vinegar will also work, but being a weak 5 percent concentration, it will take a much longer time to loosen tough mineral deposits, and your ice machine will smell like a salad. • Diagnosing poor performance: A common problem is a unit that still makes ice, but performs poorly, making only thin slabs or taking much longer 1/2 hour to finish a 1/2 inch thick slab. You may get some cubes dropping into the bin, but they are not produced fast enough to fill the bin in a day or two (that is, the normal melting of the ice is outrunning the production). (If your system produces no ice, and is not chilling at all, see below.) The first thing to check is that dust on the condenser in the bottom of the unit isn't restricting air flow. It may seem obvious, and we've all heard the advice to clean refrigerator coils, but this is easy to overlook and happens faster than on a refrigerator. The heat exchanger coils and fins are very tightly spaced, and typically build up a mat of dust in a matter of a few months.

The best way to clean them is gently using a vacuum cleaner and narrow crevice tool to suction off the dust mat. Take care to avoid bending the fins. Consider running the machine with the bottom panel removed to improve air flow and heat rejection, at least temporarily for diagnosis. I have heard of at least one case where a technician on a service call for poor performance said the machine was beyond repair and should be replaced, when in fact all that was wrong was a build-up of dust on the condenser that the owner subsequently diagnosed and fixed himself. The Quick No-Tools Test of Basic Refrigeration Performance: Here's a quick test for basic chilling performance: First, turn the machine off and remove and unplug the grid and set it aside. Drain the reservoir by removing the drain stopper, and then reinstall the stopper. Turn the machine on and see if the (dry) evaporator gets below-freezing cold and frosty in a few minutes.

( Resist the temptation to put your tongue on this freezing plate, because it will stick there, like a pump handle in winter.) Supply water should not be running or trickling into the machine during the chilling part of the cycle. After the evaporator chills well below freezing for a minute or two, the drop in temperature should trigger a harvest cycle (even though there is no ice slab), with the water supply turning on and refilling the reservoir. Wait for the harvest to end and chilling to start again. The reservoir water should now be running over the evaporator by the action of the circulating pump. Start a timer to know how many minutes have elapsed from this moment when the chilling started.

After about 5 minutes the running water should be chilled to freezing cold and ice should just be starting to form on the evaporator. You can reach in to feel the plate surface with your fingertips to observe the very beginning of the ice formation; it can be hard to see the clear ice when it first forms under the sheet of flowing water. After 16 to 20 minutes, the slab should be fully formed (1/2 inch thick) and the harvest should trigger. A machine with slightly degraded performance (such as from low refrigerant or dust-matted condenser coils) may take 30 to 40 minutes to finish building a healthy slab of ice. Anything much longer indicates a significant performance problem. If the ice slab forms, but the harvest doesn't trigger, you may need to simply adjust the ice thickness control, or recalibrate the harvest thermostat; or you may have the loose attachment or outright failure of the harvest thermostat, as described elsewhere on this page. One cause of poor performance is warm water leaking in constantly from a leaky solenoid water valve.

You can repeat the test above but disconnect the water supply from the machine just after it fills and starts chilling. Poor performance can be due to a slow refrigerant leak resulting in a low refrigerant charge. Fortunately, a low charge is typically easy to diagnose without tools by simply timing how long it takes the slab to grow to 1/2 inch thickness in the procedure described above, and ruling out that you don't have warm water leaking in constantly. The pattern of ice at the start of freezing also is a diagnostic indicator of refrigeration performance. The very first ice to freeze should appear in a square spiral pattern that follows the refrigerant tubing path across the evaporator plate (you can see this spiral path by inspecting the bottom of the evaporator with a mirror). If the slab forms only on the outside of the spiral, and doesn't form in the center region versus the perimeter, or forms much thinner or much later in the center compared to the perimeter, then you likely have the very common problem of a leaky refrigerant system with a low charge of refrigerant. This partial spiral pattern occurs because the liquid refrigerant flows first into the outside of the spiral, and in a low-charge condition the refrigerant boils off before the it reaches the center of the evaporator.

Uneven ice formation can also result from uneven water flow over the evaporator, such as if the water tubing has somehow become blocked with debris. Uneven ice from this condition should be distinguishable from low refrigerant, because (1) you can visually inspect the flow of water over the evaporator while the system is running, to verify it is even, and (2) the pattern of uneven ice will not match the spiral geometry of the refrigerant circuit in the evaporator.

Water flow problems will tend to cause a streak of thin ice, while low refrigerant will cause a symmetric squarish shape of thinness in the middle of the ice. Another way to diagnose a low charge is to connect service gages to the system, and compare the pressures to the specifications on the service and wiring sheet. Having done this several times, I have discovered that simply watching the ice formation as described in the previous paragraph is the best evaluation of the refrigerant charge. The proper pressure values vary too much on ambient conditions and time into the cycle to be reliably diagnostic of a low charge.

Indeed, the only sure way to know if you have a proper charge is to evacuate and accurately weigh-in a full recharge, while checking that you have no gross leaks that will lose significant refrigerant during the time it takes for refrigeration performance evaluation. It may be the case that in past service calls you have had an access fitting (also called a 'charging port' or 'service port') installed on the process tube on the compressor. Driver Sound Phoenix Awardbios V6 00pg. I've never heard of one being installed from the factory; instead the process tube (a stub of copper tubing near the compressor) is crimped shut and soldered after the refrigerant charge is first installed at the factory. (This saves the factory 25 cents for a tiny brass fitting that could just as easily have been soldered there.) If you already have an access fitting, then you may be able to add refrigerant yourself using a auto air conditioner charging kit and 12-ounce cans of R-134a from Wal-Mart or an auto parts store, assuming your unit contains R-134a refrigerant (units made about 1993 or later) and not R-12 (about 1992 or earlier).

The instructions above for properly recharging the unit require more tools and techniques than the casual do-it-yourselfer can bring to bear, but if you are in a mood to tinker, you can try just injecting what you guess to be an ounce or so of refrigerant at a time to see if the performance improves a bit (watch the evaporator plate spiral as I describe above, for several cycles). This may be all you need to get your unit back to peak performance, and if your leak is slow, this repair may last for quite a while before another schpritz is needed. A typical total charge is only 6.75 ounces of R-134a (about half a can from the auto parts store), so don't overdo it with the schpritzing method.

An ounce or two should make a big difference in a slow leaker that was chilling at all. If you call out a service technician for a poor-performance complaint, the technician may diagnose (or just assume) a case of refrigerant leak and/or low-charge, for which the technician may then suggest paying a very large price to replace major components like the evaporator or compressor. Some technicians are very skilled diagnosticians, in which case you have a good chance of getting the right repair work on the first try. Others are not so skilled, and just work down a list of expensive repair options that they've been trained to perform, proceeding in order of random likelihood (or profitability if you appear to be a sheep needing a good fleecing).

In such cases, I would recommend that before undertaking a costly remove-and-replace operation, that the technician first simply install a charging port to gage and charge the unit back to proper performance, which installation and recharge shouldn't cost much. This also lets the technician measure the state of charge of the system using a set of manifold gages (see service sheet above for pressure specifications), that is, whether the refrigeration system is performing poorly due to low refrigerant. If this fresh recharge leaks out again quickly, then the technician should have a leak detector device to locate the leak; locating rapid leaks is easy. If the fresh charge leaks out only slowly (over months or years), then one can just top it up occasionally using tiny increments from an automotive R-134a kit until the performance returns. The refrigeration unit holds only a few ounces of refrigerant. Without definitely locating a leak and its rate of leakage, it is silly to start replacing expensive components.

But many servicemen will suggest it at a very high price, high enough that the technician can just keep replacing things until the leak is fixed by chance. It is a kind of sales trick designed to confuse you with the appearance of a lot of technical activity, when in fact you're being probed for your price point. The defense against this tactic is (1) recognize it, and (2) suggest the proper alternative of leak diagnosis. Sometimes the technician has no idea what the trouble is. Arriving a solid diagnosis can be expensive, and you wouldn't be willing to pay the fair price for it if it were available.

Or, the technician may simply be a remove-and-replace artist instead of a proper diagnostician. If he can get your OK for enough money to replace the whole works if need be, then he can blindly go at it one piece at a time until it works again.

Your best defense to this sort of gouge is to study this page carefully, so you can diagnose your machine yourself, or at least you can diagnose the hired diagnostician. For yet another kind of poor performance, where the machine cycles on schedule but the ice bin never seems to fill, see the item on below. • Diagnosing zero performance: Perhaps you acquired an old unit or are attempting to start up one that hasn't been used in a while. You plug it in, cross your fingers, and turn it on. The fan runs but nothing gets cold.

What could be wrong? The first thing to check is to remove the cutter grid, and feel the evaporator plate with your hand to see if it gets the least bit chilled. If you can't feel any chilling at all, but the fan is running down below, this is a problem either with the refrigeration system itself, or the controls.

Most commonly, no chilling at all is due to a completely leaked-out refrigerant charge from a slow leak. This requires installation of an access fitting (see above) and testing/recharge with gages. Less likely possibilities for no chilling at all are: harvest thermostat stuck in harvest mode (try adjusting the cut-in and cut-out screws on the control behind the escutcheon plate), compressor start control stuck off (a relay near the connections on the compressor enclosure), reversing valve or its controls stuck in reverse (unplug the machine, then cheat the connector on the reversing valve with 120 VAC to see if you hear the valve clicking), or an outright failed compressor (sealed unit which much be replaced). • Blue-green corrosion on the evaporator: There are nickel-plated brass components on the evaporator that can produce some blue-green corrosion. Such corrosion does not indicate a refrigerant leak.

It typically results from using acid cleaners that are incompletely rinsed. This type of corrosion is a metal salt which you should scrub off, because it is unhealthy (not to mention bad-tasting) to consume. • Cutter grid problems: Besides a broken grid wire (which you can fix or have me fix, see above), a failed transformer, broken wire, or bad connection will cause the grid to stop cutting, so the slabs of ice back up in the machine and you get no ice in the bin. If you suspect any kind of grid problem, you can convince yourself that the ice production is OK by simply removing the grid altogether from the machine. The stock transformer delivers 9.5 volts AC which delivers about 2.1 amps to the cubelet (3/4') grid or 1.2 amps to the cube (1-1/4') grid. Since the grid is in two halves, one for each direction, the current through any given resistance wire segment is about 1 amp. The grid consists of 19 wire segments about 9 inches long each, for a total of 171 inches of active wire.

At 1.05 ohms/foot, each half should have about 7.5 ohm resistance, which at 9.5 volts AC will dissipate about 12 watts, or 24 watts for both halves. This corresponds to about 1.7 watts of heat per foot of grid wire. From 1 to 2 watts per foot of resistance wire is a good rule of thumb for effective slow ice cutting.

If your transformer has failed, Whirlpool doesn't seem to offer replacements. The manufacturer of this part () [dead link] apparently is no longer in business. To order a suitable replacement,. • Splicing cutter grids doesn't work: If you have a broken resistance wire on the cutter grid, one might think you could just splice on a short piece of wire to repair it.

This will not work because spliced sections will not cut the ice (they do not heat up along the thicker spliced portion, and are mechanically rough instead of a smooth continuous wire), causing the ice slab to hang up in the cutter and eventually back up and jam the machine. The proper repair is to rewire the grid with a new wire segment (see above).

• Gurgling sound and/or ice slabs backed up above the cutter grid: A common problem is that the machine stays in the chilling part of the cycle for a long time, making a gurgling or chugging sound, with slabs of ice jammed on top of the cutter grid and evaporator plate. The first thing to check is the cutter grid itself: wires are not broken, both the top and bottom array of wires are warm to the touch, and no calcification (lime buildup) on the wires. Another easy way to test the grid is to unplug and remove the grid altogether out of the machine, and run the machine without the grid assembly, letting the machine harvest full uncut slabs of ice into the bin for a few cycles. If this works, but replacing the grid causes the machine to jam up with ice slabs again, then you have a problem with the grid heating wires or the mechanical pathway into the grid. Here is a close-up photo of some severe calcification (lime buildup) on the wires of an ice cutter grid. This calcification was thick enough and far enough over the wires that the machine would jam up and start chugging little more than an hour after being turned on.

Due to the deposits, part of the slab was insulated from the heated wires and not being cut. Thus part of the slab would be left behind on this part of the grid by the time the next slab was harvested, and the new slab would come to rest higher on top of this residual ice. When a third slab started to slide off the evaporator plate from being harvested, it was stopped part of the way by the remnants of the first and second slabs. When the water pump started recirculating for a fourth slab, the water ran over the third slab and into the bin, eventually depleting the reservoir to the point where the pump intake started taking in air and making the 'chug chug' sound. Grid wire calcification is not cleaned off by application of the acid cleaner and cleaning cycle to the reservoir, because that does not reach the grid. Indeed, the weaker acids safe for the mechanism won't remove this stuff from the grid at all. One simply has to remove the grid from the machine and pinch off the lime encrustations with some pliers.

They're relatively soft and will crumble off, as shown in the photo above where the wire is exposed. The complex fingered shape of these deposits are actually miniature stalagmites, where the mineral-rich used water from the reservoir has splashed onto the warm grid wires and evaporated, leaving a bit of mineral deposit behind on each cycle, which eventually develops into the bizarre encrustations. Some machines develop these elaborate shapes, some smooth shapes, and most have nothing like this at all. Perhaps it has something to do with the degree of hardness of the water supply, and the types of minerals in the hardness.

To get an idea of the scale in the close-up photo, consider that the exposed wire is about 1/40th of an inch thick, and the spacing between the grid wires is 3/4 inch. Only a small area around the back of the grid was affected this way, as shown in (KitchenAid type grid), but it was enough to disable the machine. The pastel blue-green color is likely due to acid cleaners dissolving trace amounts of the nickel and copper in the stainless hardware. If the cutter grid is working (the wires are warm and not calcified), the usual cause for backed-up slabs of ice is a mechanical obstruction or mechanical misalignment which prevents the slabs from sliding downhill and dropping properly onto the grid when harvested. Why the gurgling, chugging, or marching sound?

This sound is the circulation pump in the reservoir ventilating. If a harvested slab jams halfway on its trip down to the cutter grid, once the chilling starts again with the water recirculating, the stuck slab will tend to interrupt the flow of recirculating water such that the water spills into the bin and depletes the reservoir. Soon the water level drops enough in the reservoir that the circulation pump 'ventilates', that is, draws in air instead of water. Water stops moving through the ventilated pump, and the water above the pump runs by gravity back to the reservoir, immersing the pick-up of the pump again, and ending the ventilation.

Thus the circulation pump is alternately pumping and ventilating about once per second, making a kind of cyclic grinding or groaning noise. With the disruption to the reservoir, and the backup of old ice, you typically end up with a very thick slab of ice on the evaporator plate, which is held in place by jammed ice below, with the machine triggering a harvest in vain from time to time.

The solution is to first remove the cutter grid and clear out the backed up ice, and then to diagnose and correct the underlying problem. Once you confirm the cutter grid is intact, is clean of lime buildup, and is heating, you should look for mechanical obstructions or misalignments. The problem may simply be a build-up of minerals from hard water on the side of the evaporator plate; the routine acid cleaning procedure (see ), or wiping it with acid and a scouring pad, should remove the build-up and correct that. Another cause is that the top lip of the plastic reservoir bin can distort over time such that it projects up into the path of the harvested ice, causing harvested slabs to jam, perhaps intermittently. The solution for that is to remove the reservoir bin and trim back that lip just a little.

Misalignment problems can also appear as the evaporator plate having moved off its proper mounting, or the recirculation tubing having come loose and getting stuck in the frozen slab. The gurgling noise without jammed slabs is caused by insufficient water in the reservoir from other some other cause. Possible causes to diagnose in that case include: • Incoming water pressure is too low or shut off. • Incoming water line plumbing is restricted. • The reservoir tub is cracked or otherwise leaking. • The recirculating tube is leaking and spilling water outside the tub. • The reservoir tub or evaporator has come loose and out of alignment, spilling recirculating water flow into the ice bin.

• The rubber-stopper drain plug in the bottom of the reservoir is loose, leaky, or fallen out. • A too-short harvest time is not completely refilling the reservoir. • The water supply tubing to the reservoir is too close to the evaporator plate. The tubing freezes after several cycles and prevents fresh water from entering. If you only occasionally get the gurgling with a fat ice slab, possibly stuck in the path to the cutter grid, with water running over it and into the bin, then you may have an intermittent harvest thermostat problem. If the thermostat sticks for a cycle, the slab is never harvested, chilling continues, and you get the symptoms just listed as a consequence.

Twiddling the thickness control will unstick the thermostat, and start the harvest, which should clear the problem. Make sure any harvested ice slab makes it all the way down onto the grid and doesn't hang up from being chubby. You can also just turn the machine off for a few hours or overnight; any ice in the upper part of the works will melt off, and you have 'reset' the system. The need for this seems to happen to my machine a couple of times a year. • Lost or deteriorated rubber stopper in reservoir bin: The rubber stopper in the bottom of the reservoir bin must not leak.

While you can order an overpriced replacement from parts suppliers, Lowe's sells rubber stoppers out of their specialty drawers on the hardware aisle. Measure the diameter of the hole in the reservoir.

Stoppers sizes are labeled with the diameters of the fat and skinny ends of the taper; you want a stopper with those two diameters spanning the hole diameter. I found a standard #2 size rubber stopper was the correct fit. In a pinch you could improvise by carving a wine bottle cork (the cheap stuff tends to have the hard plastic foam corks that work best for this purpose). Use a sewing needle and dental floss to improvise a keeper lanyard if you're worried about losing the loose plug in the ice bin.

A bit of aluminum refrigeration duct tape, or even cheap duct tape, stuck on the inside of the dried reservoir, would work temporarily if you can't get hold of the stopper part for a while. • Testing and replacing the evaporator thermostat with a switch and timer: (This section applies to older machines with electromechanical controls, not the newer electronic controls.) The evaporator thermostat is a common trouble point in older machines because of the bracket problem described in detail above or failure of the control itself.

Since this thermostat is just a temperature-controlled switch, and the electrical connections are easy to reach, you can temporarily replace the thermostatic switch with a manual pushbutton to test the machine function and diagnose a thermostatic control problem. You can also replace the thermostat with a timer to eliminate the problems associated with the thermostat. The thermostat control is what is attached to the thickness control knob behind the escutcheon plate. Three 1/4-inch quick-disconnect wires attach to the thermostat control body, which is a SPDT (single-pole double-throw) switch. From this thermostat a capillary tube runs back to a bracket attached to the bottom of the evaporator, where the tube senses the evaporator temperature to remotely open and close the thermostatic switch via the expansion and contraction of the liquid medium which fills the capillary tube. To diagnose a thermostat problem, you can temporarily substitute a SPDT pushbutton or toggle switch for the thermostat.

With the switch installed, you manually control the unit in freezing mode versus harvest mode. This replacement is easy if you get a switch with 1/4-inch quick-disconnect lugs such as at an auto parts store. Access the old control and wires by removing the two screws holding on the plastic escutcheon cover, and then the two screws holding on the metal bracket holding all the controls. The switch connections are BLK=common, ORG=normally-closed, BLU=normally-open (check yours against the schematics in the service sheets linked above). Connecting a pushbutton this way will run the machine in the freezing mode, while pushing and holding the button for about 2 minutes reverses the system into harvest and opens the water valve to refill the reservoir.

If you tediously stand by to push this button at the right time, you should be able to run cycles and make ice In 2009, five years after I soldered the evaporator bracket in 2004 to fix it as describe above, it broke again, and I did not want to go through that disassembly and soldering chore again. Now the machine had been running nearly continuously for all those years, so I imagine that solder joint must have frozen and thawed 50,000 times (5 years times 365 days/year times 48 cycles/day times 1/2 duty-cycle), so it is no surprise that the joint failed again. Instead of repairing the bracket, I replaced the thermostat and capillary tube with a low-voltage relay switch run by a 555 timer circuit, at a total cost of about $10 in electronic parts. The timer simply energizes the relay for 2 minutes every half hour.

This timed control gets rid of the thermostatic control and capillary tube bracket altogether (and their associated problems), While a timer does not compensate like a thermostatic control for variations in ambient air and water temperature, if the machine is otherwise working properly, the half-hour cycle is a good compromise. The ice cubes simply get a little thicker or thinner depending on the ambient conditions.

If you're an electronics hobbyist, you can use the 555 circuit parameters I calculated as suitable for a 28-minute freeze time and 2-minute harvest time: R1=470K, R2=39K, C1=4700UFD. See the schematic [PDF file] for this timing application from Mim's book. A suitable SPDT relay is Omron G5SB-14-DC12 (p/n ). The evaporator thermostat functions (as indicated on the service sheet schematic and found on my unit) for the switch terminals and wire colors are: Evaporator Thermostat Wiring for SPDT Switch Replacement Evaporator Thermostat Terminal Function Wire Color Replacement SPDT Switch Terminal #1 Run (to condenser fan) Orange Normally-closed #2 Incoming AC line voltage (from bin thermostat) Black Common #3 Harvest (to hot-gas and water-valve solenoids) Blue Normally-open You can splice onto the grid transformer low-voltage AC with a rectifier and capacitor to supply 14VDC power for the timer. While this was a science-fair project to assemble, replacment thermostats are getting very hard to find, and it was worth the effort, especially after I shopped for a new machine and found they now cost $1400. This improvised timer and relay circuit is a bare-bones control.

My ideas for improving this design include: (1) a timer reset when the bin thermostat turns off, so icemaking does not restart in the middle of a timed cycle, (2) pushbuttons to manually start or end a harvest/refill, (3) lamps to indicate the state of the control, (4) separate water-valve and harvest timers and controls to limit filling to a maximum of 1 minute and harvesting to a minimum of 2 minutes, as is done with the newer electronicaly-controlled machines, rather than having the water-valve and hot-gas solenoid wired in parallel to the same control. • Lost calibration on evaporator thermostat cut-in and cut-out: (This section applies to older machines with the electromechanical controls, not the newer electronic controls.) The evaporator thermostat has screws to adjust the cut-in and cut-out temperatures. Typically the control does not indicate the polarity of these adjustments, that is, which way to turn these screws to make the respective settings warmer or colder.

The multiple independent adjustments require a bit of procedure to deduce the polarity. A new control part should include a data sheet describing the calibration process. If you don't have that information, or you are trying to recalibrate an old control, then you'll have to analyze the behavior to learn the polarity of the cut-in and cut-out adjustments.

If you have a loose control unit (out of the machine), you can characterize it as follows: • Make up a bowl of warm water and a bowl of sub-freezing slurry (crushed ice with salt, or crushed ice with non-toxic antifreeze) to impose a thawed versus sub-frozen temperature on the thermostat probe. • Make up a grid chart of 25 trials, combining 5 possible trial settings on each of the two adjustment screws. Using a screwdriver on each adjusting screw, determine the range of how many screw turns the adjustment provides.

The trial settings should cover this range, starting with full counter-clockwise, then 25 percent clockwise, 50 percent clockwise, 75 percent clockwise, and full clockwise. • For some grid cell, adjust the screws to a trial combination and test the continuity of the control for open or closed, with the probe inserted in the warm and cold bowls respectively. Record these two results in the grid cell. Repeat for all 25 grid cells. • When you have filled the chart, analyze the results to determine the polarity of the cut-in adjustment (adjusting clockwise makes it warmer, versus colder) and cut-out (likewise). The region of the grid that has the control contacts closed for warm temp and open for sub-freezing should indicate suitable starting settings for the adjustment screws.

• Install the control and observe some cycles to adjust the cut-in and cut-out temps for proper cycle times. To recalibrate the control while it is installed in the machine, start by checking continuity of the control contacts with a warm machine and the two adjustment screws in each of the four combinations of extreme adjustment. The combination(s) with closed continuity will be candidate(s) for the initial adjustment. Set the adjustment to such a candidate, start the machine, and wait for a slab to freeze. Back-off the cut-out screw from its extreme setting until the harvest triggers. Wait a minute or two for an appropriate time of harvesting, and back-off the cut-in screw until the chilling triggers. Note the polarity of these adjustments, that is, which way of turning each adjusting screw makes the respective action occur a warmer or colder temperature.

Note also the number of turns in the full range of adjustment. These notes will help you fine-tune the settings now and in the future. I've heard some controls have only one screw for adjustment. In this case the range between cut-in and cut-out is not adjustable, only the temperature limits where they apply.

The recalibration procedure is then a subset of the above. • If you have water collecting in your ice bin, you might woefully conclude that your drain connection is clogged, and that you're going to have to tear the machine out of the counter to get to the drain plumbing. It might not be that bad. Unlike a regular sink drain, slow draining is not usually caused by the household drain line or trap being clogged.

Usually it is caused by bits of debris that have fallen into the bin and collected in the small drain sump and drain passage at the back of the plastic ice bin. Since people are bending over to reach the bin, all kinds of stuff can fall in and get lost in the ice, and eventually it works its way down and back to the drain. I found out (the hard way) that 6mm toy airsoft BB's are a perfect plug fit for the drain passage at the bin sump. The problem with this clog diagnosis is that it can be difficult to inspect the drain passage at the back of the bin. It is not difficult if you can access the rear and disconnect the drain hose, but it you have an undercounter installation, this requires tearing out the machine from the cabinetry. Short of that, a flashlight and inspection mirror can help you inspect back there from inside the bin, and loose items in the sump can often just be vacuumed out.

But if you have something jammed in the narrow passage at the bottom of the sump, something that fits snugly (like my experience with the plastic BB), then you have to access the back of the machine, remove the drain hose, and sound the passage, from the outside in, with a stiff wire to clear out the trouble. You should not ignore water collecting in the bin, because you have a potential overflow and flood on your hands if the solenoid valve should stick open. • Condenser fan intermittently does not run: If you have the electronic controls, the fan has its own relay on the PC board.

So if the fan fails intermittently, the fault could be the fan itself, the wiring, or the controls. Splice a test lamp into the wires to the fan to distinguish the fan itself vs the wiring or controls, and wait until the fault appears to diagnose the intermittent cause. The shaft bearings in the fan can get slightly fouled up and the fan won't start sometimes because the starting torque is very low. If the fault appears, see it you can't spin the fan blade by hand with a probe to get it to start. This requires a replacement of the fan motor since the cheap bronze sleeve bearings aren't serviceable. • Condenser fan makes loud buzzing noise: The condenser fan, found in the bottom of the unit, circulates room air across the condenser coil and exhausts the warm air.

The rotating fan blade is surrounded by a rather flimsy folded fiberboard shroud that can distort in shape, such as from age or from getting wet. The shroud can contact the fan blade and make a loud buzzing noise. The solution is simply to adjust the shroud or trim it back so it doesn't contact the moving fan. This can be difficult to reach if you don't have access to the rear of the unit. Another fan shroud solution is to craft a replacement from a sheet of stiff, thin plastic. Suitable material is cleverly hidden in disguise at your local building supply retailer as 2' x 4' drop-in panels for fluorescent lighting fixtures.

Mark Egan has generously originated and contributed this [20 KB PDF file, 1 page] which gives a pattern for you to cut and fold. UL-listed aluminum foil duct tape, which is designed to endure hot and wet conditions, is suitable for assembling and fastening the folded construction, and can be found at the same building supply. • I've heard reports that some machines develop 'waterlogged insulation'. The dry fiberglass blanket and vapor barrier around the bin are critical to good performance. If this insulation becomes wet, it no longer insulates; then the ice produced will melt quickly.

This is a pernicious problem in that the insulation may never dry out: lack of insulation may cause the temperature of the exterior surfaces to fall below the ambient dewpoint, so that moisture continually condenses on the outside of the machine, keeping it wet indefinitely. Initial causes of this type of insulation failure include plumbing leaks (in the machine itself, or possibly from other appliances nearby in the cabinetry), a cracked bin leaking water from melted ice, and a detached blanket or vapor barrier allowing water to condense on the outside of the bin. Testing for failed insulation requires that you simply feel it by hand for moisture. The repair is to correct the underlying problem, and shut down the machine long enough to dry the outside thoroughly. Moral: keep the blanket snug and the vapor barrier intact.

Later designs put the insulation into sealed plastic bags to prevent this problem from developing. These 'pillows' of insulation then stuff into the gaps between the plastic bin and the metal cabinetry. • Ice melting from splashing water: Besides failed insulation, another problem can cause your precious ice to melt too fast in the bin, namely that warm water is splashing out of the upper apparatus and down onto your finished ice cubes. Another sign of this problem is that the cubes get a pebbly or honeycombed texture after sitting in the bin for a while.

This is hard to detect with the grid in place, since the splashing water will tend to just drip down slowly like the normal dripping from cutting the slab into cubes. So remove the grid and run the machine, then shine a flashlight into the upper area of the bin to see if you have a very fine rain of water splashing out of the upper apparatus. One cause of this splashing is mineral deposits in the passages of the water dispenser tube, causing the recirculating water to squirt too forcefully against the top of the evaporator. In this case an acid cleaning should take care of the minerals. One would hope this works, because removing that tube for service is difficult. • Several problems can cause water to be dripping slowly into the bottom of the machine. You could test for a cracked bin or drain problem by turning the machine off and emptying it, plugging the drain, and filling the bin with water to see if it drips or not.

You might also test look for stray water from the water recirculation circuit since it would drip or not drip with the machine running or not (you might have a broken, displaced, or cracked part in the recirculation path). Another possibility is missing or waterlogged insulation beneath the bin, resulting in condensation outside the bin (see above). There can normally be some condensation on the refrigeration return tubing, but this doesn't drip that fast. • (This section applies to older electromechanical controls, not the newer electronic controls.) An email correspondent writes that, 'Whirlpool came out in January 2006 with a evaporator bracket repair kit (part number 8201758). This came out on their Service Pointer Bulletin R8178560, January 2006.

I hope this helps you or others to repair this failure.' Another correspondent reports that, 'The bracket is same shape and size as the original bracket and is held against the evaporator by a support (approximately 1 in wide and shaped similar to a V) that is fitted over the heat exchanger tube. Would appear that a person could clean up the old bracket and devise his own method of wedging it to the evaporator.' He includes Whirlpool's instruction sheet for [424 KB PDF file], and reports the price is about $30 (try online sources or local appliance parts retailers). Being that this is merely a small, V-shaped metal clip with a hole in it, I would suggest improvising something from some thin stainless steel to save yourself $30 (and save having to search the cosmos for this item). You might find suitable material on a cheap kitchen tool that you can cut with tin snips, and then punch or drill a hole into it. In fact, a polyethylene plastic clip that you can cut yourself from something heavy like an empty laundry detergent bottle might even work as well as anything for this purpose.

The photos in the instruction sheet make clear the type of wedging action you are trying to create. I'm a bit dubious about this kit and how it wedges the clip against the heat exchanger tube; this would seem to chafe the soft metal tubing with the hard stainless clip under the normal vibration of the machine, and this I expect would soon cause a catastrophic refrigerant leak. Or perhaps in practice it holds up fine; I just have no experience on this trick. I suppose we should be encouraged that Whirlpool, after so many years, isn't forcing you to buy an entire evaporator to repair a loose solder joint. • Missing overflow tube can spoil ice production: I've explained how, during the harvest cycle, excess tap water flows into the reservoir to flush out the concentrated minerals in the 'used' water.

Normally a polyethylene tube feeds the warm water from the overflow outlet down to the drain sump in the back of the bin. This tube can be accidentally knocked off. Being polyethylene, it can get brittle over some years and crack into pieces. This simple piece of tubing might not seem like an important component to worry about.

However, without it, the warm overflow will run over the ice already delivered into the bin, melting some harvested cubes and spoiling your ice production. So make sure this tube is in place. • Drainage and drain pump issues: The standard installation for this type of ice machine assumes you have a house drain connection either in the floor or lower on the wall compared to the bottom of the ice bin.

This maintains a downhill path for the ice melt to run to the bottom of the ice bin, out of the machine, and down the house drain. If your available connection to the house drain is above the level of the bottom of the ice bin, then you have an uphill path for melt drainage that requires an extra pump to remove. Some residential ice machines sold today have drain pumps built in as standard equipment, but this was not a feature of the electromechanical Whirlpool models. The extra pump for uphill drainage is typically an optional sump pump that is installed in the lower rear of the ice machine. These pumps are quite expensive if purchased from an appliance parts dealer, but they are nothing more than what is usually sold as an inexpensive air conditioner condensate pump, such as ($46 in 2006) which is a Little Giant brand (), model VCMA-15ULS, HVAC condensate removal pump. (search for 'condensate') listed a Flotec model FPCP-20ULST condensate pump for $53 in 2006.

Such mechanisms consist of a shoebox-sized plastic box that acts as a sump to receive incoming drainage water, with a float valve sensing the water level in the sump box and activating a small pump to occasionally empty the sump box as it fills. Another Little Giant model is the VCMA-20ULS, which features a 20 foot lift capacity instead of 15 feet, although lift capacity is not important for this application. Comparable pump models are made by Beckett (CB151UL or CB201UL) or Hartell (KT-15X-1UL or KT-20X-1UL). Any of these are suitable for ice machine drainage.

Note that the drain pump is not typically configured to interrupt the water supply at the solenoid valve if the pump fails, or if other drainage problem arises such that the sump level overflows. You will therefore face a slow but mysterious water leakage someday when your mortal drain pump fails, so you should plan the installation accordingly. That is, consider installing the pump to facilitate easy inspection and service access.

If you can, also arrange things so leaking water won't damage something that is expensive to fix. While I have seen them installed in the hollow volume at the lower rear of the ice machine, it makes more sense to run the bin drain to an adjoining cabinet where the pump is more open for inspection and service. You will still have to obey the law of gravity in placing the pump lower than the bottom of the bin drain. Since these pumps and drains all eventually develop problems, you don't want to have to pull out a heavy machine with great difficulty from built-in cabinetry for these maintenance tasks. Some drain pumps provide an overflow interlock switch that turns off the ice machine if the sump fills up with water due to a failed pump or clogged drain.

This is something to consider troubleshooting if you have an intermittent or otherwise unexplainable problem with your machine, such as it randomly turning off and back on to power-on reset conditions (such as the 5-minute flush of the electronically controlled models). This overflow switch is a 'feature' that is supposed to save you from flooding the floor; don't let it trick you into thinking your machine has failed. Unlike air conditioning condensate, ice-melt water is not contaminated with a lot of dust to support microbial growth, and the drain lines do not typically clog up over time from algae like can happen with air conditioners. So you don't need to worry about cleaning them periodically such as is needed with air conditioners. This applies to both gravity and pumped drainage. If you do experience a clogged drain, see the discussion of 'Bin fills up with water or drains slowly' for other possible causes.

• Diagnosing and repairing fan problems: The fan in the refrigeration assembly in the bottom compartment of the machine moves a small volume of air through the machine to cool the condenser coil and exhaust heat from the machine. If this fan quits moving air, then the compressor will run but the machine will not produce ice. If convection currents of air happen to exhaust some heat slowly, it may produce ice very slowly with hot air percolating out slowly from the bottom of the machine.

If the compressor overheats, the overload switch may cause it to shut off until it cools. If you find that the fan is not running when you expect it to be, you have to diagnose between the possibilities that (1) the machine is wrongly stuck in the reverse part of the cycle (hot gas heating of the evaporator to harvest the ice slab), when the fan is not supposed to run but the compressor does, meaning you have a control problem, not necessarily a failed fan, or (2) the machine is in fact in the chilling part of the cycle, with the compressor running, but the fan is not moving air due to a problem either with the fan itself or its wiring or controls.

Once you diagnose that you are in the second case (an actual fan problem) you must diagnose whether the fan itself is failed, versus its wiring and controls. You might try to reach in the machine (of course, when it is turned off) and feel if the fan blade turns freely; the fans in the ice machines don't seem to often fail, but I know that in window air conditioners that a similar type of fan can get sticky bearings that keep the motor from starting. Another thing to check is that the paper shroud or some foreign object isn't simply blocking the fan blade from turning. As a last test you can hot-wire the fan to see if it runs, either by tracing back on the wiring diagram to the connector at the control, or by directly cutting and splicing into the wires at the fan itself. The space is very cramped and the fan is difficult to reach, but its replacement is more difficult and you need to be sure that the fan itself is the problem. Another diagnostic trick if you suspect the fan simply is not running when it should, is to improvise some kind of air flow across the condenser coil with another small fan, some flex duct on an air-mover fan, a big shop vac suctioning the exhaust side of the condenser, or the like.

You don't have to do a perfect job of this as long as some air is moving across the condenser and out of the machine. It doesn't take much air moving to prove that the chiller works and is making ice, if the problem is simply a dead fan. Replacing the fan is difficult because of the cramped space and the compressor being in the way. The entire lower refrigeration unit is designed to slide out as an assembly on its sheet metal base if you need to replace it or work on it. The fan cannot be removed directly from the machine, as it is boxed in by other components and sheet metal. However, there is enough slack in the copper tubing connecting the compressor and evaporator to unbolt those items, or the entire lower unit tray, and gently manipulate them out of the way to remove and replace the fan.

One correspondent suggests that the fan can be easily replaced from the front as follows: Remove the screws holding the condenser coil and capillary tube brace to the chassis; Move the condenser coil to the side a little. Use a 7/16 inch socket with a long extension to remove the motor mount screws; Push the condenser coil over to the right and wiggle out the motor with its mount. I'll agree that this manipulation looks plausible, although I haven't tried it myself. Another possibility for removing the fan is getting to the fan from the side or behind the unit.

You have to cut a section out of the sheet metal side or back to get to it. If the machine is installed under kitchen cabinets you don't need those sides anyway. • Water condensing and dripping from the drain line: Since the drain line contains chilled water, it can condense humidity on the outside of the line and drip water, if the drain line runs through a humid space, such as through the floor into a basement.

The best solution I know to this problem is to spiral-wrap the drain line with 'No Drip' brand tape made by Mortite. This is a thick, sticky-gooey wrap that insulates well enough to prevent condensation, and stands up to moisture without disintegrating or losing its insulating properties. The putty-like consistency of this stuff lets you mash and mold it into a vapor-tight jacket after you wrap it in a spiral around the pipe.

Sold at Home Depot or Lowes with the air conditioning mechanical items. Air conditioning installers use this to insulate condensate lines, so you might also find it at an HVAC supplier. You can also find insulating wraps made from foam, cork, or sponge rubber, but this old-fashioned Mortite stuff is my choice for price and effectiveness. Similar stuff is sold as and. • Sanitation issues: Sometimes I get inquiries about the sanitary aspects of ice machines. You hear bad publicity about restaurant ice bins being contaminated. This should never be an issue in a household machine, if you simply avoid introducing contaminants into the bin.

The crystalline process of forming ice sorts out pure water from dissolved or particulate contaminants. Water molecules lose their heat of fusion and 'stick' to the chilled ice surface in the laminar flow on the surface of the slab; anything else but water tends to just keep washing. This selective fusion of water molecules inherently avoids entraining microbes into the ice. The clarity of the ice is evidence of its purity. Even if the reservoir water is not sterile, the ice itself is, or very nearly so. The constant freezing temperature inhibits microbial growth, the reservoir water supply does not contain any nutrients to support microbial growth, and city water should have enough chlorine or chloramine sanitizer to kill any slight microbial contamination and keep the water sterile.

Since the ice in the bin is completely replaced at least every few days (by melting if not by usage), any dirt, dust, or other contaminants in the bin tend to quickly wash or work their way down to the bottom of the bin towards the drain. So you can be confident that your ice starts out clean, and if you don't foul the bin, your supply of ice in the bin should be clean. • Replacing the lamp: Later models of the machine feature an interior lamp controlled by a door switch. This is similar to a 12 VDC automotive type socket and lamp. If your old lamp or socket fails from corrosion, instead of paying $100 for the Whirlpool item, you can splice in an LED, like an 12VDC LED accessory lamp from the auto parts store. Boat stores (West Marine, Boater's World, Bass Pro Shops, etc) also have water-resistant 12VDC LED accessories to use for improvising. • Replacing the evaporator on electronic models: For KitchenAid and other electronic models, see the contributed by Brian Christal.

• How much water goes down the drain for how much ice? Above we calculated that each harvest produced 18 ounces of ice and admitted about a gallon of water to flush and refill the reservoir per cycle. At maximum production (30-minute harvest cycles over 24 hours equals about 48 cycles per day), this means the machine is using roughly 50 gallons of water per day to produce 50 pounds of ice.

About 44 of those 50 gallons go straight down the drain during harvest flushing. This is the overhead cost of demineralizing water via freezing to yield clear ice. For typical household users, a substantial fraction of the remaining 6 gallons worth of ice ends up melting and going down the drain, too.

This is the overhead cost of the convenience of having a ready ice supply in wet condition. If water conservation is critical, one could capture the (clean) waste water via a condensate pump for other uses (like irrigation), and one could store the finished ice in a freezer so it didn't melt. Consider that restaurant ice machines work on similar principles, wasting a lot of water. • Diagnosing flashing lights and shut-downs with electronic controls. Later models with electronic controls, including the KitchenAid models, can flash a few simple coded messages and shut down when the control board detects a problem. In normal operation, if the machine shuts off and flashes the LED lamp on/off in half-second increments, this indicates that the harvest lasted longer than 16 minutes. This typically is due to a faulty evaporator thermistor or its connection, although it can be caused by a problem in the hot-gas reversing valve or its controls.

Flashing in one-second increments indicates the bin thermistor or its connection is faulty. Further diagnostic codes are available if you switch the unit into its clean cycle by pressing the CLEAN button: the first thing the control board does in the clean cycle is test the thermistors for proper connection and resistance, and if found faulty the control board will flash the LED two times for a faulty bin thermistor, and/or 5 times for a faulty evaporator thermistor. If you unplug either or both thermistors completely, you should also observe these flash codes at the start of the clean cycle. Note that these codes were programmed as part of a later version of the electronic control board first released in 2004, so you may or may not have this feature in your unit (see the item with 'check which version' in the list below). Other features of the later version include: • 15-minute minimum and 25-minute maximum refrigeration time to avoid slabs too thin or thick.

After 25 minutes the unit will force a harvest regardless of the thermistor sensing. If you have poor refrigeration performance, this will therefore cause thin slabs to be harvested. • Refill time 1-minute maximum to reduce water use and avoid a valve stuck-open condition from failures in the evaporator thermistor or reversing valve. This means if you have a water supply restriction, you may get cloudy ice or chug-chugging from insufficient refilling. • Fall-back 25-minute freeze and 4-minute harvest if the evaporator thermistor is unplugged or giving faulty readings. • 16-minute maximum to harvest before shutting down for evaporator thermistor failure. This means you can get exactly one slab total harvested when the machine shuts down.

• Thermistor checks performed at the beginning of the clean cycle diagnostics instead of at the end (and presumably you can use this to check which version you have). • Diagnostic clean cycle starts with both freezing and recirculation pumping instead of just freezing to avoid sticking an old slab to the evaporator and causing a jammed slab during the cleaning cycle. (you can use this to check which version you have, the old version clean cycle diagnostics will first run the refrigeration with no recirculation for 30 seconds). • Minimum harvest time of 2 minutes, with evaporator thermistor temperature sensing evaluated at the 2-minute mark instead of continuously from the start of harvest. This will prevent some marginal thermistors from causing a shutdown, at the expense of less frequent cycles and thus reduced performance. The above list was based on Whirlpool Instruction Sheet 4388700 Rev A 6/04 (). Remember the following points when diagnosing these flashing trouble codes: • The evaporator thermistor may have failed or it may be erratically responding.

You can disconnect the thermistor and restart the machine to see if the unit operates properly in timed mode. You can also remove and test the disconnected thermistor with an ohmmeter for proper resistance values at various temperatures as explained in the service manual.

• Likewise the bin thermistor. The unit apparently will not run with this disconnected, since it might lead to overfilling the bin and spilling ice out onto the floor. You can 'cheat' the bin thermistor with a 10K ohm or 22K ohm (or thereabouts) resistor (such as from Radio Shack). This is a cheap way to test that the machine runs if the bin thermistor is suspect, since the replacement thermistor is expensive.

• The white plastic connectors or the crimp connections for these two thermistors can also fail or become intermittent. • If equipped with a drain sump pump, the overflow interlock switch can intermittently shut the machine down, when there is slow drainage or a failure of the pump. • What if the circulation pump bracket comes loose with stripped threads: In older machines you may find that the a failed pump also has come loose from a corroded mounting bracket. While you can replace the pump, the brackets are not to be found as a ready replacement part. You must take the initiative to improvise this type of repair with your own mechanical skills. This isn't so difficult.

One has to set aside the habit of assuming that fixing something is necessarily a matter of finding just the part you need. Often you can fix things better yourself with a little ingenuity. Note: This is actually good advice for many things in life, and an article of faith in my do-it-yourself credo.

Women find this intrepid elan attractive in a man; chicks dig guys who can fix things. Your ability to understand mundane technicalities suggests you might be able to understand the mysteries of womanhood.

If you replace the expensive Whirlpool brand pump with the inexpensive aquarium pump as described above, you don't need the bracket at all, since the new little pump will just sit in the bottom of the reservoir bin. You will have saved some $$$ as well as fixed two problems. Or, enlarge and tap the stripped holes in the old hardware with a larger thread size to reattach the old bracket with larger screws.

Or, drill through the back wall and put some nuts and bolts through to hold on the old bracket and pump. Or, cut/drill/tap a new bracket from a bit of aluminum or stainless (like from, or maybe just taken from an old cookie sheet or kitchen tool).

To improvise this type of bracket, another method is to saw a block of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) into the specific size from bulk material. HDPE is easy to saw by hand, and to drill to receive self-tapping stainless screws. This material is cleverly hidden in disguise as a cutting board for the kitchen at your local retailer. Or search for 'HDPE' or 'UHMW'. • PC (printed circuit) board typical failures: The printed circuit board (PC board) (see ) that implements the newer electronic controls is a typical cause of failure, often of a frustratingly intermittent type of malfunction. Several people have been kind enough to send me their failed boards for post-mortem analysis, and what I have often diagnosed is simply that a solder joint cracked on the printed circuit traces.

This is easy to repair with nothing more than a touch of a soldering iron, which repairs this costly replacement part. Look carefully under magnification at the solder joints for the relays, especially the compressor relay which handles the most power. If you wiggle these components you may discover a broken or cracked solder joint.

The relays click and bounce on every actuation, handle a lot of watts, and experience wide temperature cycling, which makes the solder connections vulnerable to failure. A cracked joint can make and break contact to make the malfunction intermittent. Removing the PC board for for an inspection is a chore, but it may turn up the cause of a control problem that isn't due to a failed sensor or wiring.

The relays themselves may fail, in which case an inexpensive replacement is an Omron G5LE-1A4-DC9 (such as from ). • On diagnosing intermittent problems: Intermittent malfunctions are always more difficult, because diagnostic tests may misleading if not made during a malfunctioning moment. Since one must make diagnostic measurements when the malfunction actually occurs.

You have to sit and patiently wait for the event. On an ice machine which takes 20 or 30 minutes to cycle, this can involve a lot of patience.

In such circumstances, I would hook up an indicator light or other visible indication of the test measurement and hope to see it when the fault occurs, while pursuing some other pastime nearby. Or maybe run a long video recording of the machine showing the test indicator, and then rewind to witness the actual malfunction, after-the-fact. You can also use a data-logging voltmeter that connects to a PC, which can even be had cheaply at Radio Shack these days, to perform quantitative time-domain recording.

• How effective is cleaning: The cleaning features are rather a hoax. The lime buildup occurs exactly where the recirculating water doesn't go, which means the cleaning solution doesn't go there either. There's nothing you can just swish in there to get it really clean.

It does appeal to the appliance customer if there's a magic button that purports to do the cleaning for you. If you have mildew looking residue on or in the tubing, it is possible that Whirlpool has used tubing with plasticizers which support microbial growth, which I've seen in other contexts, and the growth will be infused into the plastic itself and never will truly clean, although it will be encapsulated so it isn't an actual problem. The only way to really clean these machines is manually with a toothbrush and disassembly, very laborious, and replacing tubing or other infected components. A solution of lye will do better in cleaning mildew or other organic residue, as opposed to mineral deposits which are best cleaned with acid. It might be best to just pretend it isn't there and not look inside that carefully. The recirculating water itself tends to rinse everything clean that it touches. • Mothballing: To shut the machine down for an extended period, first turn off the power.

Close the water supply shutoff valve. Pull the plug on the bottom of the reservoir to drain the water out, and dry the rest of the machine as convenient, and then leave the door open at least a few days so the inside dries out thoroughly. Otherwise the bin will be wet and warm inside, and it can get musty in there. You may need to replace the reservoir rubber stopper if it has deteriorated. To start running again, turn on the water supply, check for leaks.

This is a good time to remove the grid and reservoir bin, and acid clean them by hand if you are so inclined. Turn the machine on. It should cycle and start dropping ice cubes in 45 minutes or less. The first cycle or two worth of ice should be discarded if the ice has picked up bits of lime deposits flaking down into the reservoir from the drying out.

• Shipping these ice machines: Someone wrote me to ask, 'I have one of these units I'm going to sell on eBay. Would you mind telling me any good or bad experience you may have had in shipping one of these?' I replied as follows: I bought boxes (26 x 20 x 30, 275 lb test, double wall) to fit them. For each, I cut a plywood base panel that just fit inside the bottom of the box, and bolted down the unit centered on that, and hot glued the plywood panel to the box. I also built gussets to fit and reinforce the sides and corners of the machine into the box, by cutting more corrugated cardboard and assembling with more hot glue.

Rather costly and time-consuming, but well done, I thought. I would ship them by ground using [a certain shipper best known for overnight air delivery] as the cheapest way. They lost one unit completely and admitted it. To get the insurance claim paid took me hours and hours of silly paperwork. Hardly worth the recovery. They ruined another unit and I never learned how.

It arrived intact but with the refrigerant leaked out and with oil staining the box. The recipient mistakenly accepted the shipment without noting the damage. The recipient then paid an appliance service to come out and diagnose the unit, and tried to get [the carrier] to pay the a damage claim for the repair estimate, but gave up after being presented with the bureaucratic challenges. Most of the units arrived OK. But those two were nightmares.

Maybe UPS or DHL would have done better than [the carrier]. Or even LTL truck freight. So if you want to ship one, be ready to take on a woodworking and craft project to crate it properly, and prepare yourself for disappointment despite your best efforts. • Scotsman: Scotsman is a staid old American brand for ice machines. Their Web site at includes a page where you can. The models beginning in 'CS' are household units.

The model CSWE1 appears to be a rebranded Whirlpool unit, and the (15-page PDF file) may be of interest to anyone with a Whirpool machine. • Don't Know Much About Other Makes and Models: If your unit is another make or model that doesn't resemble the Whirlpool-manufactured units shown in the parts diagrams linked above, then I don't have much advice for you other than the general principles above. Chinese manufacturers like Haier seem to be importing large quantities of residential ice machines at prices much less than Whirlpool ever charged (for example, search for 'ice machine' at, although this seems to have gone away sometime in 2008), but I have yet to inspect these models enough to have a knowledgeable opinion of their quality.

'Bene diagnoscitur, bene curatur.' — Latin proverb Translation: Good diagnosis, good repair.

Have a comment or question about my ice machine repairs? Need to thank me for saving your expensive ice machine from the junk pile? Email me at: Richard J. Kinch Back to Back to Copyright 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Richard J Kinch.

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